Early-life sugar consumption and breastfeeding practices: a multicenter initiative in Latin America

Abstract The aim of this multicenter study was to explore the early-life sugar consumption and dietary practices in Latin America as well as to investigate the association between breastfeeding duration and the age at which foods and beverages with added sugars are introduced. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 805 1- to 3-year-old children from 10 Latin American countries, as a complementary study to the Research Observatory for Dental Caries of the Latin American Region (OICAL). A Food Frequency Questionnaire previously tested in different countries was applied to children's mothers and data on breastfeeding and age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was collected. Statistical analysis included the Kruskal-Wallis test and Poisson regression with robust variance, with the calculation of crude and adjusted mean ratios (MR) and 95% of confidence intervals (CI). The average age at introduction of sugary foods and beverages was 10.1 months (95%CI 9.7-10.4) and 9.6 (95%CI 9.2-9.9) months, respectively, with a significant variation between countries (p < 0.001). The average daily frequency of sugary foods-beverages was 3.3 times per day (95%CI 3.1-3.5) and varied significantly between countries (p = 0.004). Breastfeeding duration of over six months was associated with an increase in the age of introduction of sweet drinks (16%; MR 1.16; 95%CI 1.05-1.28) and foods (21%; MR 1.21; 95%CI 1.10-1.33). In conclusion, most children from vulnerable settings in Latin America start consuming sugary products in the first year of life and a high frequency of consumption was reported through early childhood. Additionally, breastfeeding contributes to a delay in the introduction of sugary products.

Socioeconomic and intraoral polarization of untreated caries and tooth loss among male adolescents

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the intraoral distribution of untreated caries and tooth loss and estimate the impact of different socioeconomic factors on the occurrence of these outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 652 18-year-old male adolescents from the city of Sapucaia do Sul, Brazil, who conscripted for military service. The participants answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic variables. Two trained and calibrated examiners performed the clinical examinations for the diagnosis of dental caries using the criteria of the World Health Organization. Tooth group and adolescent were the units of analysis for the primary outcomes of the study. Poisson regression analysis with robust variance was performed, with the calculation of crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The prevalence of caries experience and untreated caries was 70.2% and 39.3%, respectively, and 9.4% of the adolescents had missing teeth. Sixty-seven percent of the untreated caries and 98.8% of missing teeth were in first molars. The probability of dental caries and tooth loss was significantly higher among adolescents with less schooling (PR = 2.56; 95%CI: 1.97-3.32 and PR = 3.28; 95%CI: 1.61-6.65, respectively) and those whose mothers had less schooling (PR = 1.31; 95%CI: 1.03-1.67 and PR = 2.30; 95%CI: 1.18-4.50, respectively). In conclusion, the occurrence of untreated dental caries and tooth loss was concentrated in the first molars of adolescents. Moreover, the prevalence of both conditions was higher among adolescents with low schooling and whose mothers had low schooling, reflecting the strong intraoral and socioeconomic polarization of these outcomes.

Risk factors for dental caries in Latin American and Caribbean countries

Abstract Identifying the risk factors for dental caries is vital in epidemiology and clinical practices for developing effective preventive strategies, both, at the individual and collective levels. Different causality/determination models have been proposed to understand the development process of dental caries. In the present review, we designed a model inspired by the world-known social determinants models proposed in the 90s and more recently in the 10s, wherein the contextual factors are placed more externally and encompass the individual factors. The contextual factors included those related to the cultural and societal values, as well as the social and health government policies. The individual factors were classified into the following categories: socioeconomic (social class, occupation, income, and education level), demographic characteristics (age, sex, and ethnicity), behavioral factors (non-use of fluoride dentifrice, sugar consumption, poor oral hygiene, and lack of preventive dental care), and biological factors (recent caries experience/active caries lesions, biofilm retentive factors, developmental defects of the enamel, disabilities, saliva amount and quality, cariogenic biofilm). Each of these variables was addressed, while focusing on the current evidence from studies conducted in Latin American and Caribbean countries (LACC). Based on the proposed model, educational aspects were addressed, and individual caries risk assessment and management decisions were proposed; further, implications for public health policies and clinical practice were described. The identification of modifiable risk factors for dental caries should be the basis for multi-strategy actions that consider the diversity of Latin American communities.

New Post-COVID-19 Biosafety Protocols in Pediatric Dentistry

Abstract The most recent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - COVID-19 - caused by coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV-2) has high-virulence transmission and direct human contagiousness by proximity. Thus, the considerable occupational risk in pediatric dentistry is evident, given the nature and form of procedures performed in an outpatient setting. Thus, the aim of this paper was to identify and contextualize technical and scientific information available to date aimed at preventing and minimizing risks for patients, caregivers and professionals. The results indicate that protective measures are being developed considering procedures according to risks and benefits, and five points stand out: 1. Regulation of resumption of elective procedures, screening and scheduling patients; 2. Restructuring clinical environment and infection control; 3. Improvement of personal protective equipment and biosafety recommendations; 4. Maximization of the use of non-invasive techniques, use of high-powered dental suction, and absolute isolation of the operative field; and 5. Minimization of the use of air-water syringe, dental spittoon and high-speed handpiece. The measures to be taken require reflection for the restart of a "new clinical practice", especially aiming at behavioral and structural changes regarding operational biosafety.

Uso de chupeta em pré-escolares do sul do Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados / Pacifier use in preschoolers from southern Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Objetivo: investigar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de chupeta em pré-escolares. Sujeitos e método: estudo transversal foi realizado com 1.316 crianças de 0 até 5 anos de idade no município de Canoas, no Rio Grande do Sul. O instrumento de pesquisa foi um questionário semiestruturado respondido pelos responsáveis sobre características sociodemográficas (sexo, cor da pele, idade da criança e materna, escolaridade materna, estrutura e renda familiar) e comportamentais (uso da mamadeira e aleitamento materno). O desfecho foi presença/ausência de uso de chupeta. A análise estatística compreendeu regressão de Poisson com variância robusta bruta e ajustada. Resultados: a prevalência de uso de chupeta em algum momento da vida foi de 68,1%. A análise multivariável ajustada mostrou que crianças que usaram mamadeira tiveram três vezes maior prevalência do desfecho (RP: 3,21; IC95% 2,25-4,59; p<0,001) se comparadas àquelas que nunca usaram mamadeira. Além disso, a análise adicional encontrou que crianças mais novas ainda usam a chupeta quando comparadas às mais velhas. Conclusão: conclui-se que a prevalência do uso de chupeta é alta e está associada com hábitos de nutrição. Assim, entender a associação de aspectos biopsicossociais e sua rede de causalidade torna-se essencial para o estabelecimento de estratégias de promoção de saúde na primeira infância. (AU)

Objective: to investigate the prevalence and the factors associated with pacifier use by preschoolers. Subjects and method: cross-sectional study performed with 1316 children from zero to five years of age, in the city of Canoas, RS, Brazil. The research instrument was a semi- -structured questionnaire answered by the responsible persons on sociodemographic (sex, skin color, child and maternal age, maternal level of education, and family structure and income) and behavioral (bottle-feeding and breastfeeding) characteristics. The outcome was the presence/absence of pacifier use. The statistical analysis included Poisson regression with crude and adjusted robust variance. Results: the prevalence of pacifier use at some point in life was 68.1%. The adjusted multivariate analysis showed that bottle-fed children presented a threefold higher prevalence of the outcome (PR: 3.21, 95%CI 2.25-4.59, p<0.001) compared to those who had never used the bottle. Moreover, an additional analysis found that younger children still use the pacifier compared to older ones. Conclusion: it is concluded that the prevalence of pacifier use is high and it is associated with nutrition habits. Thus, understanding the association of biopsychosocial aspects and their causality network becomes essential for establishing health promotion strategies in early childhood. (AU)

Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Production of the Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clinica Integrada: 2007-2017

Objective: To analyze the bibliometric profile of articles published in the Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clinica Integrada (PBOCI). Material and Methods: In this documental study, two trained examiners independently assessed the abstracts of all articles published between 2007 and 2017. Articles were categorized according to the study design, dental specialty and institutional affiliation of the main author. The full article was read whenever the abstract did not allow its classification. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the absolute and relative frequencies. Results: In total, 670 articles were identified, with predominance of publications in the areas of Pediatric Dentistry (33.3%), Community Health (18.7%) and Restorative Dentistry (12.2%). The most used designs were cross-sectional (58.3%), especially in the areas of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Health; and laboratory studies (25.7%), mainly in the areas of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics. The Brazilian universities that most published in the Journal were the Federal University of Paraíba (9.7%), followed by the State University of São Paulo (6.4%) and University of São Paulo (6%), characterizing predominance of the Southeastern and Northeastern regions. The publications of authors with international affiliation represented 9.1%. The distribution among nations reveals studies from countries such as India (34.5%), Nigeria (14.8%), Bosnia (11.5%) and Iran (8.2%). Conclusion: PBOCI has provided Brazilian and foreign researchers the opportunity to disseminate studies in all areas of Dentistry, but studies in the fields of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Health are predominant. The most frequent designs were cross-sectional and laboratorial, and in relation to foreign participation, there is predominance of research from countries such as India, Nigeria and Bosnia.

Traumatismos alveolodentários e fatores associados em crianças assistidas em um curso de Odontologia no sul do Brasil / Traumatic dental injuries and associated factors in children assisted in a school of Dentistry in Southern Brazil

Aim: To estimate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) and investigate demographic and socioeconomic factors associated among children attending at School of Dentistry, Southern Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 374 children attending the Pediatric Clinic, from School of Dentistry at the Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Southern Brazil. Information from parents/caregivers on socioeconomic factors were obtained with an structured questionnaire. Children were clinically examined and TDI was recorded following Andreasen criteria. Poisson regression with robust variance was employed to determine factors associated with TDI. Results: A total of 15.0% of children exhibited TDI (95% CI 11.5-19.0%). The most common dental injuries involved hard tissues (enamel fracture, enamel and dentine fracture). Adjusted analysis revealed that the probability of TDI was almost 90% higher in older children (10 to 12 years) compared to children who were 7 to 9 years old; (PR 1.89; 95% CI 1.05­3.43), two fold higher in children from older mothers (≥ 35 years) (PR 2.01; 95% CI 1.23­3.30), and 66% higher in children from mothers with lower education (≤8 years) (PR 1.66; 95% CI 1.02­2.70). Conclusion: Our findings showed a high prevalence of TDI. Moreover, sociodemographic factors, specially, maternal schooling and aging were associated with the outcome. Epidemiological studies of specific groups allowed in the organization of health services and elaboration of preventive and curative strategies.

Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de traumatismos alveolodentários (TAD) e investigar fatores sociodemográficos associados em crianças assistidas em um Curso de Odontologia no Sul do Brasil. Métodos: Um estudo transversal foi realizado com 374 crianças atendidas na Clínica Infantil do Curso de Odontologia da Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas, Brasil. Informações sobre fatores sociodemográficos foram obtidas com pais ou cuidadores por meio de um questionário estruturado. As crianças foram clinicamente examinadas e TAD foram registrados, conforme critério de Andreasen. Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi empregada para determinar os fatores associados com o desfecho. Resultados: A prevalência de TAD foi de 15,0% (IC 95% 11,0-19,0%). As lesões mais comuns foram lesões aos tecidos duros (fratura de esmalte e de esmalte e dentina), especialmente na dentição permanente. A análise ajustada mostrou que a probabilidade de TAD foi quase 90% maior em crianças de maior idade (10 a 12 anos) em relação a crianças de 7 a 9 anos (RP 1,89; IC 95% 1,05­3,43), duas vezes maior em filhos de mães com maior idade (≥ 35 anos) (RP 2,01; IC 95% 1,23­3,30) e 66% maior em crianças de mães com menor escolaridade (≤8 anos) (RP 1,66; IC 95% 1,02­2,70). Conclusão: Observou-se uma alta prevalência de TAD. Além disso, fatores sociodemográficos, especialmente escolaridade e idade materna, estiveram associados ao desfecho. Estudos epidemiológicos de grupos específicos permitem a organização de serviços de saúde e a elaboração de estratégias preventivas e curativas.

Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow

Abstract Crack cocaine use appears to have an impact on oral conditions. However, changes in the salivary flow among crack users have not been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to compare stimulated salivary flow and the occurrence of hyposalivation between crack users and non-users. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 crack users and 40 controls matched for sex, age, and smoking habits. Interviews were conducted to acquire data on the perception of dry mouth (xerostomia) and drug use. Stimulated salivary flow was determined using the spitting method. A significant reduction in stimulated salivary flow was found among crack users in comparison to non-users (1.02 vs. 1.59 ml/min). A total of 42.5% and 15% of crack users had very low and low stimulated salivary flow, respectively. Moreover, 65% of users reported xerostomia in comparison to 37.5% non-users (p < 0.012). No significant association was found between xerostomia and hyposalivation (p = 0.384). A multivariate analysis revealed that individuals older than 26 years of age, those with a low household income, and crack users (prevalence ratio: 2.59) had a significant association with the occurrence of hyposalivation. A significant association was found between the use of crack and reduced salivary flow. The use of crack was associated with the occurrence of hyposalivation in the multivariate analysis.

Assessment of occlusal characteristics of the primary dentition: a cross-sectional study in Brazilian preschool children

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the occlusal characteristics and prevalence of malocclusion among Brazilianpreschool children. Subjects and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1004 children aged 2-5 years enrolled in public preschools of the city of Canoas, RS, Brazil. A questionnaire was administered to guardians addressing demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral characteristics of the children and their families. The clinical exam was performed by previously calibrated dentists and the characteristics of the primary dentition were verified according to set criteria. Data analysis was performed through the chi-square test. Results: Stability in the sagittal and transverse planes of the posterior region, and a variability of incisal relations in the primary dentition were verified. The findings show high prevalence of malocclusion (70.3%) and its association with age. Conclusion: Considering the high prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition, implementing educational programs and prevention measures for preschool children is highlighted.

Topical Intrapocket Anesthesia During Scaling and Root Planing: a Randomized Clinical Trial

Although the use of injectable anesthesia prior to subgingival scaling and root planing (SRP) reduces pain, many patients report fear and prolonged numbness of adjacent tissues. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of a eutectic mixture containing 25 mg/g of lidocaine and 25 mg/g of prilocaine, injectable 2% lidocaine, topical 2% benzocaine and a placebo substance on reducing pain during SRP. In this randomized, split-mouth, masked clinical trial, thirty-two patients presenting more than two teeth with probing depth and clinical attachment level ≥5 mm in at least 4 sextants were randomly allocated to four groups: EMLA(r); injectable 2% lidocaine; topical 2% benzocaine and placebo. Pain and discomfort were measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal scale (VS). Repeated-measures analysis of variance and Poisson regression were used for analysis. Patient satisfaction with the anesthesia was determined at the end of each treatment session. VAS and VS scores did not differ between injectable 2% lidocaine and EMLA (p>0.05) and both substances showed significantly better pain control compared to 2% benzocaine and placebo (p<0.05). 93.7% and 81.2% of the individuals were satisfied with the injectable anesthetic and EMLA, respectively (p=0.158). Dissatisfaction with benzocaine and placebo was approximately 10 times greater than injectable anesthesia (p=0.001). In conclusion, EMLA showed an equivalent effect on pain control when compared to the injectable anesthesia and performed better than 2% benzocaine in SRP. Thus, EMLA is a viable anesthetic option during scaling and root planning, despite the frequent need for second application.

Embora a anestesia injetável previamente a raspagem e alisamento subgengival (RASUB) reduza a dor, muitos pacientes relatam medo e amortecimento prolongado dos tecidos adjacentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito de uma mistura eutética contendo 25mg/g de lidocaína e 25 mg/g de prilocaína, lidocaína 2% injetável, benzocaína 2% tópica e um placebo na redução da dor durante a RASUB. Neste ensaio clínico randomizado, cego de boca dividida, trinta e dois pacientes que apresentavam mais que dois dentes com profundidade de sondagem e nível de inserção clínica ≥ 5 mm, em no mínimo 4 sextantes, foram randomicamente alocados em 4 grupos: EMLA(r), lidocaína 2% injetável, benzocaína 2% tópica ou placebo. Dor e desconforto foram mensurados usando uma Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e Escala Verbal (EV). A satisfação dos pacientes com a anestesia foi determinada ao final de cada consulta. Análise de variância de medidas repetidas e regressão de Poisson foram usadas para análise. Os escores da EVA e EV não demonstraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre lidocaína injetável e EMLA(r) (p > 0,05) e ambas as substâncias demonstraram significativamente melhor controle da dor comparadas a benzocaína 2% e placebo (p<0,05). 93,7% e 81,2% dos indivíduos ficaram satisfeitos com o anestésico injetável e EMLA(r), respectivamente (p=0,158). A insatisfação com a benzocaína e placebo foi aproximadamente 10 vezes maior do que com a anestesia injetável (p=0,001). Em conclusão, o EMLA(r) demonstrou um efeito equivalente no controle da dor quando comparado com a anestesia injetável e melhor do que a benzocaína 2% em RASUB. Assim, o EMLA(r) é uma opção anestésica viável durante a raspagem e alisamento radicular, apesar da necessidade frequente de segunda aplicação.

No Impact of Lower Intake of Micronutrients on Severe Early Childhood Caries: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study

To investigate the association between micronutrients intake at 12 months of age and the occurrence of severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) at four years of age among children in southern Brazil.Material and Methods:The baseline sample was made up of 500 mother-child pairs followedsince the birth of the child in São Leopoldo, Brazil. After the first birthday, micronutrients intake (calcium, iron, sodium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin B12 and folate) was recorded using the 24-hour recall method. At four years of age, a calibrated examiner evaluated the occurrence of S-ECC based on internationally accepted criteria. Poisson regression was used to investigate associations between exposures and the outcome.Results:The final sample comprised 314 children. The occurrence of S-ECC was higher among children who consumed less calcium (p=0.009), zinc (p=0.021) and vitamin C (p=0.036). However, after the multivariable adjustments, no micronutrient was associated with the occurrence of S-ECC.Conclusion:Alower intake of micronutrients at 12 months of age did not represent a risk factor for the occurrence of S-ECCat four years of age, suggesting that advice on feeding practices for dental caries prevention should focus mainly on dietary aspects (local effect) rather than nutritional aspects (systemic effect)...

Use of dental services and associated factors among elderly in southern Brazil / Utilizacao dos servicos odontologicos e fatores associados em idosos do Sul do Brasil

OBJECTIVE : To analyze the use of dental services and associated factors among elderly treated at Family Health Units in southern Brazil. METHODS : This cross-sectional study evaluated 438 elderly attending Family Health Units in Pelotas, southern Brazil. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire covering demographic and socioeconomic variables, in addition to information on time elapsed since their last dental visit. Explanatory variables were classified according to Andersen and Davidson's model. Clinical variables were obtained by a trained dentist. Multivariable Poisson regression models with robust variance were used to identify factors associated with the outcome. RESULTS : The prevalence of use of dental services in the last 3 years was 41.1% (95%CI 36.5 - 45.7). Multivariable analysis revealed that the probability of not using dental services was higher among individuals who self-assessed their general health as poor or very poor (Prevalence Ratio [PR] = 1.36; 95%CI 1.05 - 1.78), with less than 8 years of education (< 4 years: PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.01 - 2.02; 4 to 7 years: PR = 1.43; 95%CI 1.00 - 2.04), users of alcohol (PR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.08 - 1.59), and those with no teeth (PR = 1.73; 95%CI 1.29 - 2.32). CONCLUSIONS : The low prevalence of use of dental services among elderly attending Family Health Units in Pelotas, especially among those with poor self-assessed general health, lower education level, and without teeth, indicate the need for public policies to improve social indicators and general health. .

Bilateral severe root resorption associated with impacted maxillary canines: details on diagnosis and treatment plan: a case report / Reabsorção radicular severa associada a caninos maxilares impactados: detalhes sobre o diagnóstico e plano de tratamento: relato de caso

Caninos maxilares estão em segundo lugar entre os dentes mais frequentemente impactados nos arcos dentários. Reabsorções radiculares são achados comuns em dentes adjacentes ao canino maxilar impactado (CMI) e podem potencialmente causar a perda dentária. O tratamento geralmente é complicado quando o diagnóstico é dado em estágios avançados. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) tem provado ser superior na determinação da presença e grau de reabsorção radicular no dente adjacente ao CMI, auxiliando nos planos de tratamento e nas decisões clínicas. O presente artigo descreve o caso clínico de um paciente com impacção bilateral de caninos maxilares associada a reabsorção radicular severa do primeiro pré-molar superior direito e do incisivo lateral superior esquerdo, focando na importância do uso da TC para o diagnóstico e plano de tratamento.

Maxillary canines are the second most frequently impacted teeth in the dental arch. Root resorptions are often found in teeth adjacent to an impacted maxillary canine (IMC) and may potentially lead to tooth loss. The treatment is often complicated when diagnosis is established at a later stage. Computed tomography (CT) has been proven to be superior in determining the presence and degree of root resorption in teeth adjacent to IMC to support treatment plans and clinical decisions. This report describes the case of a patient with bilaterally impacted maxillary canines associated with severe root resorption of the right first premolar and the left lateral incisor and focuses on the importance of CT imaging for diagnosis and treatment plan.

Efeito do crack nas condições bucais: revisão de literatura / Effects of Crack Cocaine in Oral Conditions: Literature Review

O crack é uma droga ilícita que tem chamado a atenção devido ao crescente consumo e as graves repercussões sociais e na saúde dos usuários. Desta forma, o objetivo desta revisão de literatura narrativa foi verificar o efeito do consumo do crack nas condições bucais. O crack é a forma fumável da cocaína apresentando um efeito mais rápido e intenso que a mesma. No ambiente bucal pode gerar calor, vasoconstrição e diminuição do fluxo salivar, além de efeitos deletérios na resposta imunológica. Estes efeitos estão direta ou indiretamente associados com a etiopatogenia das doenças cárie e periodontal e de lesões na mucosa bucal.. Além disso, os usuários parecem apresentar uma diminuição da autoestima o que reflete em descuidos com a higiene pessoal e bucal e pouca procura ao atendimento odontológico. Poucos estudos do tipo séries de caso e de associação foram publicados e demonstraram uma maior ocorrência de cárie e erosão dentárias, gengivite, periodontite e alterações na mucosa bucal, como úlceras, candidíase oral e alterações nas células epiteliais em usuários de crack. Portanto, hipóteses são geradas e mais estudos com qualidade metodológica são necessários nesta temática, podendo contribuir para a definição de estratégias de atenção à saúde do dependente de crack

Crack cocaine is an illicit drug that has drawn attention due to its increasing consumption and its serious social health consequences of users. Thus, the purpose of this narrative literature review was to verify the effect of the crack consumption in dental conditions. Crack is a smokable form of cocaine presenting a more rapid and intense than traditional cocaine. In the oral cavity may generate heat, vasoconstriction and decreased salivary flow and deleterious effects on immune response. These effects are directly or indirectly associated with the pathogenesis of caries and periodontal and oral mucosal lesions. Additionally, users seem to have a decreased self-esteem which reflects carelessness in personal and oral hygiene and low dental care assistance. Few studies with case series and association design were published and demonstrated a higher incidence of dental caries, erosion, gingivitis, periodontitis and oral mucosa changes, such as ulcers, oral thrush and changes in epithelial cells in crack users. Therefore, hypotheses are generated and further studies with high methodological quality are needed on this topic and may contribute to the development of strategies for the health care of crack´s dependents

Praticas alimentares cariogenicas e fatores associados em criancas do sul do Brasil / Cariogenic feeding habits and associated factors in children from the southern Brazil

Objetivo: Identificar praticas alimentares cariogenicas e estimar os fatores associados ao consumo de guloseimas entre as refeicoes em pre-escolares de Ijui-RS. Metodo: A amostra consisti u em 481 criancas de 0 a 6 anos pertencentes a 12 pre-escolas deste municipio, sorteadas aleatoriamente. O instrumento de pesquisa foi questionario estruturado respondido pelos pais, que avaliou variaveis demograficas, socioeconomicas e as seguintes praticas alimentares: idade de introducao do acucar e o comportamento de consumir guloseimas (doces ou salgadinhos) entre as refeicoes. Foi utilizada regressao de Poisson com variancia robusta para identificar e quantificar os fatores associados ao consumo de guloseimas entre as refeicoes. Resultados: Aproximadamente 90% das criancas da amostra tiveram o acucar introduzido na dieta antes de completar o primeiro ano de vida. Alem disso, 3/4 dos pre-escolares consomem guloseimas entre as refeicoes, nao havendo diferenca entre os sexos, categorias de renda e estruturacao familiar. O modelo multivariavel mostrou que a probabilidade de consumir guloseimas entre as refeicoes foi 16% maior em criancas de 5 a 6 anos em relacao as criancas de ate 2 anos (RP=1,16; IC 95%= 1,00?1,34) e 14% maior quando a mae tinha 4 anos ou menos de escolaridade (RP=1,14; IC 95%= 1,01-1,29) em relacao as maes com mais de 8 anos de estudo. Fazer chantagem para receber guloseimas aumentou em 72% a probabilidade deste comportamento (RP= 1,72; IC 95%= 1,46-2,03). Conclusao: A introducao de acucar e precoce nesta populacao e um percentual elevado dos pre-escolares consome guloseimas entre as refeicoes, estando este desfecho associado a maior idade da crianca, menor escolaridade materna e comportamento da crianca. Programas preventivos devem incluir orientacao para praticas alimentares desde o primeiro ano de vida, especialmente para maes com menor escolaridade.

Objective: To identify cariogenic feeding habits and estimate the factors associated with the consumption of snacks between meals in preschoolers from the city of Ijui, RS, Brazil. Method: The sample was composed of 481 children aged 0 to 6 years attending 12 preschools of this city, chosen at random. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire filled out by the parents, which assessed demographic and socioeconomic data and information on feeding habits (age of introduction of sugar in the diet and consumption of sweet and salty snacks between meals). Poisson's regression with robust variance was used to identify and quantify the factors associated with the consumption of snacks between meals. Results: Approximately 90% of the children had sugar introduced in their diet before 1 year of age. In addition, ó of the preschoolers consume sweets between meals, without statistically significant difference between genders, income levels and family structure. The multi variable model showed that the probability of consuming snacks between meals was 16% higher in 5-6-year-old children compared to those up to the age of 2 (PR=1.16; 95% CI= 1.00-1.34), and 14% higher when the mother's educational level was up to 4 years (PR=1.14; 95% CI= 1.01-1.29) compared to those with more than 8 years of school education. Blackmailing to receive snacks increased in 72% the probability of this behavior (PR= 1.72; 95% CI= 1.46-2.03). Conclusion: The introduction of sugar was premature in the studied population, and a high percentage of the preschoolers were found to eat snacks between meals. This outcome is associated with older children, low maternal educational level, and child's behavior. Preventive programs must include diet counseling since the first year of life, especially for mothers with low educational level.

Heterocontrole da fluoretação das águas de abastecimento público do Município de Canoas/RS / External control of fluoridation in public water supply of Canoas/RS

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a concentração de flúor presente na água de abastecimento público do município de Canoas/RS. Amostras da água de abastecimento foram coletadas em duplicatas por 8 meses em 22 diferentes pontos agrupados em três Estações de Tratamento (ETAs) da cidade. A medição da concentração de fluoreto foi realizada através do método eletrométrico. A análise das amostras coletadas no período avaliado demonstrou haver oscilação na concentração de flúor de acordo com os meses de coleta (de 0,185 a 1,605 ppm/L). Das amostras avaliadas, 96 (54,5%) estiveram inadequadas (< 0,6 ppm; > 0,9 ppm ) quanto à concentração de flúor presente. Das amostras inadequadas, a maioria apresentou concentração superior ao limite máximo de concentração aceitável para o padrão de potabilidade. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as 3 ETAs em relação à adequação da concentração de flúor (p < 0,001). A grande variação em relação à concentração de flúor presente em diferentes pontos de coleta, bem como a alta porcentagem de amostras com padrão inadequado de fluoretação revelam a necessidade de se implantar medidas de heterocontrole permanente para garantir efetividade da fluoretação das águas.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of fluoride in public water supplies in Canoas/RS. Samples of drinking water were collected in duplicates for eight months on22 different points grouped into three water treatment plants of the city. The measurement of fluoride concentration was performed using the electrometric method. The analysis of samplescollected in the study period showed that there was oscillation in fluoride concentrations in accordance with the sampling months (from 0.185 to 1.605 ppm /L). Of the samples, 96 (54.5%)were inadequate (<0.6 ppm> 0.9 ppm) as the fluoride concentration. Of inadequate samples, the majority showed concentrations above the maximum acceptable concentration for drinking water standard. There was statistically significant difference among the three water treatment plantsregarding the suitability of the fluoride concentration (p <0.001). The large variation in relation to fluoride concentration as well as the high percentage of inadequate samples revealed the need to implement measures of external control to ensure continuous effectiveness of water fluoridation.

Traumatismo na dentição decídua e fatores associados em pré- escolares do município de Canela/RS / Traumatic injuries in the primary dentition associated factors among preschoolers children in the city of Canela, RS, Brazil

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de injúrias traumáticas na dentição decídua e fatores associados em pré-escolares do município de Canela/RS. Método: Foram examinadas 1095 crianças, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária entre zero e cinco anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada durante a Campanha Nacional de Multivacinação e envolveu a aplicação de um questionário para a coleta das variáveis demográficas, experiência odontológica anterior, relato dos responsáveis e exame físico para detecção de sinais clínicos de trauma. Para avaliar possíveis associações foi utilizado teste qui-quadrado, razão de prevalência e análise de regressão logística. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Luterana do Brasil/RS (ULBRA). Resultados: A prevalência de traumatismo observada foi de 23,6%, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. A faixa etária mais afetada foi entre dois e três anos e o dente mais atingido foi o incisivo central superior (83,8%). As lesões aos tecidos duros representaram 71,7% da amostra, enquanto que as lesões aos tecidos de sustentação representaram 11,2%. Foi observada associação estatisticamente significativa (p=0,001) entre a presença de sinal clínico de trauma e o relato do responsável, assim como a maior probabilidade das crianças com sinal de trauma terem consultado um cirurgião-dentista. Conclusão: A alta prevalência de injúrias traumáticas observadas nos pré escolares de Canela, assim como sua localização e distribuição, contribuem para o estabelecimento de um perfil epidemiológico da população brasileira. Destaca-se também a associação verificada entre a presença de sinal clínico de trauma e o relato do responsável, assim como a indicação de que episódios de trauma, muitas vezes, justificam a primeira consulta ao cirurgião dentista.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of traumatic injuries in the primary dentition and associated factors among preschoolers in the city of Canela, RS, Brazil. Methods: One-thousand-and ninety-five children of both genders aged 0 to 5 years were examined in this study. Data collection occurred at the same time of the National Multi-Vaccination Campaign and involved the application of a questionnaire to obtain demographic data, previous dental experience, parent's and/or caregiver's report and physical examination for detection of clinical signs of trauma. The chi-square test, prevalence rate and logistic regression analysis were used to assess possible associations. This research protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Lutheran University of Brazil (ULBRA). Results: The prevalence of trauma was 23.6%, with no significant difference between the genders. The 2-3-year-old age group was the most affected and the maxillary central incisors were the most commonly affected teeth (83.8%). Lesions to the hard tissues represented 71.7% of the traumatic injuries, while the lesions on the supporting tissues corresponded to 11.2%. Statistically significant association (p=0.001) was observed between the clinical signs of trauma and the parent's and/or caregiver's report, as well as a greater probability that children with signs of trauma had received dental treatment. Conclusion: The high prevalence of traumatic injuries observed among preschool children in Canela, RS, Brazil, as well as their location and distribution contribute to establish an epidemiological profile of the Brazilian population. It is also outstanding the association between the clinical signs of trauma and the parental report, as well as the indication that trauma episodes often justify the first dental visit.

Ação antimicrobiana de materiais empregados na obturação dos canais de dentes decíduos por meio da difusão em ágar: estudo in vitro / Antimicrobial action of root canal filling materials for primary teeth using the agar diffusion method: an in vitro study

Objetivo: Avaliar in vitro a ação antimicrobiana de materiais obturadores de canais radiculares de dentes decíduos por meio da difusão em ágar. Método: Os materiais testados foram: pasta Guedes-Pinto, pasta CTZ, OZE, Calen®, L&C® e MTA. Foi utilizada uma mistura microbiana composta por: Staphylococcus aureus - ATCC 6538, Enterococcus faecalis - ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa - ATCC 27853, Bacillus subtilis - ATCC 6633, Candida albicans - ATCC 10231. Foram utilizadas placas de Petri, contendo BHI ágar inoculadas com 0,1mL da mistura microbiana, nas quais foram confeccionadas cavidades no ágar, sendo estas preenchidas com as respectivas pastas. A leitura dos halos de inibição (mm) foi realizada após 48h/37ºC e os resultados submetidos aos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Resultados: as pastas CTZ e Guedes-Pinto apresentaram halos de inibição estatisticamente maiores que os demais materiais (p<0,001). A L&C® e o MTA não apresentaram halos de inibição. Conclusão: as pastas Guedes-Pinto, CTZ, Calen® e o OZE apresentaram ação antimicrobiana por difusão.

Evaluation of final-year dental students concerning therapeutic decision making for proximal caries

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the radiographic criteria used by fi nal-year dental students when defi ning the need for restorative treatment for proximal caries, as well as investigating potentially associated factors in this therapeutic decision. A questionnaire with two schematic diagrams presenting five levels of proximal lesion penetration was administered to students attending the six private and three public dental schools in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Absolute and relative frequencies were described and inferential statistics involving Chi-square and McNemar tests and simple logistic regression were carried out to assess variations in therapeutic decisions related to patient dentition (deciduous/permanent) and gender, ageand dental school (public/private). Of the 346 dental students assessed, 28.6% (99/346) indicated restorative treatment for lesions restricted to the enamel in deciduous teeth and 38.2% (132/346) indicated the same for permanent teeth, revealing a statistically significant difference (p = 0.001). Student gender and age were not associated with the therapeuticdecision; however, a signifi cant difference between dental schools was found when comparing restorative criteria in deciduous (p < 0.001) and permanent molars (p < 0.001). The odds of restorative decision in permanent teeth when the caries lesion was restricted to the enamel was 72% higher for students graduating from private schools compared to public schools (Odds Ratio: 1.72; 95% Confi dence Interval: 1.03-2.90). These data demonstrate a large variation between the therapeutic decisions regarding proximal caries reported by final-year dental students and suggest that deep refl ection is needed on the part of faculty in order to provide an evidence-based education.

Luxação intrusiva em dentes decíduos: relato de casos / Intrusive luxation of primary teeth: case reports

O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar dois casos clínicos de pacientes que apresentaram luxação intrusiva nos incisivos decíduos. Os pacientes foram monitorados desde a consulta de urgência e acompanhados até a erupção dos dentes permanentes sucessores. Em ambos os casos, devido à gravidade da intrusão, houve seqüelas para os dentes sucessores, com alteração de desenvolvimento na coroa. Considerando as diversas possibilidades de sequelas que podem ocorrer no dente decíduo que sofreu intrusão e o potencial risco de extensão do dano para o sucessor permanente, é imprescindível que o cirurgião-dentista tenha conhecimento dos protocolos envolvendo o manejo das lesões traumáticas. Além disso, o profissional deve estar engajado na propagação de medidas de prevenção de acidentes envolvendo crianças pré-escolares, buscando diminuir a freqüência de traumatismos alvéolos-dentários.

This study aims at presenting two case reports of patients having intrusive luxation injuries of the primary incisors. Patients were followed since emergency care, dental management and follow-up appointments until eruption of the permanent successors. In both cases, due to the severity of the intrusion, there were sequelae affecting the successor teeth, such as developmental defects of the crown. Considering several sequel possibility that occur in intruded primary teethand the potential risk to extent the damage to the permanent successor, it is important that the dentist have been informed about guidelines for management of traumatic injuries. Besides of this the dentist must teach about prevent measures of accidents in preschool children aiming to reducethe frequency of dental trauma.